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24 February
10 February
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07:00
Purpose of review Fatty liver disease is increasingly common worldwide and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent findings This review describes the cardiovascular outcomes, clinical assessment and management as well as the impact of emerging drug treatment (...) -- LIPIDS: Edited by Gerald F. Watts
1 February
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Purpose of review In this review, we will summarize some of the landmark clinical trials of triglyceride-lowering therapies and review updates in clinical guidelines with regards to treatment of elevated triglyceride levels. Recent findings Accumulating evidence from epidemiologic and Mendelian (...) -- LIPIDS: Edited by Gerald F. Watts
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Purpose of review To summarize recent studies analyzing reclassification of estimated risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic heart disease (IHD) by inclusion of remnant cholesterol (= cholesterol content in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins) in primary and secondary prevention settings. (...) -- LIPIDS: Edited by Gerald F. Watts
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Purpose of review Examine Setmelanotide use in patients with rare genetic variants that disrupt the melanocortin pathway. Recent findings Between February 2017 and September 2018, 10 participants with pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)/ proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1 (PCSK1) deficiency (...) -- SPECIAL COMMENTARIES
20 January
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Purpose of review Interest in the use of calorie restriction with low-carbohydrate diets for patients with type 1 diabetes appears to be increasing despite physicians’ discomfort about its longer term outcomes. A divergence in opinion regarding the balance of benefits and safety may lead to (...) -- LIPIDS: Edited by Gerald F. Watts
29 December
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Purpose of review The aim of this study was to assess the potential value of the measurement of plasma xenosterols (or phytosterols) concentrations in clinical practice. Recent findings Recent genetic studies suggest that individuals with elevated plasma phytosterol concentrations due to (...) -- LIPIDS: Edited by Gerald F. Watts
24 December
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Purpose of review Atherosclerosis and associated cardiovascular risk factors originate in childhood; hence, early management of dyslipidaemia is vital. However, hypercholesterolemia remains untreated or undertreated in many youths. We review current therapies, drugs under investigation and (...) -- GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: Edited by Lynne L. Levitsky
23 December
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07:00
Purpose of review Populations with greater fatty fish intake have lower risk of coronary heart disease. However, trials testing omega-3 fatty acids (FA) on cardiovascular outcomes have yielded inconsistent results. In this review, we summarize the major cardiovascular trials examining omega-3 (...) -- LIPIDS: Edited by Gerald F. Watts
8 December
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07:00
Purpose of review Bardet Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare disease characterized by obesity and hyperphagia. Despite the very high prevalence of paediatric and adult obesity in this population, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus is not well described. Recent findings Studies in small and (...) -- GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: Edited by Lynne L. Levitsky
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Purpose of review This article recounts the history of the diet-heart hypothesis from the late 1950s up to the current day, with revelations that have never before been published in the scientific literature. Insights include the role of authorities in launching the diet-hypothesis, including a (...) -- SPECIAL COMMENTARY
6 December
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Purpose of review Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a leading cause of mortality in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Although dyslipidaemia is a modifiable and prevalent risk factor in individuals with T1D, determining when to initiate lipid-lowering therapy for primary (...) -- LIPIDS: Edited by Gerald F. Watts
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Purpose of review Glucose-lowering medications have become strong choices for purposes beyond glucose control in both patients with and without type 2 diabetes. Recent studies have explored the use of specific glucose-lowering therapies in areas such as cardiovascular disease, renal disease, (...) -- DIABETES AND THE ENDOCRINE PANCREAS I: Edited by Matthew Freeby
5 December
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07:00
Purpose of review Elevated Lp(a) level is an important causal risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), principally coronary artery disease. Selective testing for Lp(a) is highly recommended in patients at intermediate and high risk for ASCVD. Lp(a) levels are (...) -- LIPIDS: Edited by Gerald F. Watts
1 December
24 November
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07:00
Purpose of review The potential for fertility in Turner syndrome has improved in recent years. Understanding of associated risks and approaches is important for the care of girls and women with this condition. This review focuses on reproductive health, fertility options and appropriate (...) -- GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: Edited by Lynne L. Levitsky
17 November
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07:00
Purpose of review To review the connection between type 2 diabetes and cognitive dysfunction, including its epidemiology, potential mechanisms of pathophysiology, risk factors, possible prevention, and treatment considerations. Recent findings Diabetes is a risk factor for mild cognitive (...) -- DIABETES AND THE ENDOCRINE PANCREAS I: Edited by Matthew Freeby
16 November
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07:00
Purpose of review Many childhood-onset growth disorders (COGDs) require continued care into adulthood, and the time of transition between paediatric and adult providers carries a high risk for interruptions in medical care and consequent worsening of disease management. Recent findings Research (...) -- GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: Edited by Lynne L. Levitsky
14 November
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07:00
Purpose of review The present review summarizes recent advances in the diagnosis and management of patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). Recent findings Although ALD screening has been on the list of Recommended Uniform Screening Panel since 2016, only 30 states in the United (...) -- GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: Edited by Lynne L. Levitsky
13 October
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Purpose of review To explore the recent updates in the diagnosis, management, and clinical implications of androgenic alopecia among patients diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Recent findings PCOS diagnosis continues to be the most common cause of infertility among (...) -- REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY: Edited by Shruthi Mahalingaiah
11 October
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Purpose of review The aim of this review is to understand how anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) contributes to ovulatory dysfunction in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Recent findings In the last few years, new findings have emerged on AMH and its role on the central nervous system causing (...) -- REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY: Edited by Shruthi Mahalingaiah
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Purpose of review Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among reproductive-age women, the most common cause of infertility among women and a major contributor to pregnancy complications. Recent findings Diagnostic and associated features of PCOS, including (...) -- REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY: Edited by Shruthi Mahalingaiah
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Purpose of review Narrative review of recent literature on optimization of assisted reproduction technology outcomes in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Recent findings The key areas of focus include pre cycle treatment with the goal of cohort synchronization, methods of (...) -- REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY: Edited by Shruthi Mahalingaiah
27 September
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Purpose of review This review provides a general overview of the literature on B vitamins and fertility, as well as summarizes the evidence concerning B vitamin supplementation and fertility among polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) women. Recent findings Studies among women conceiving with and (...) -- REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY: Edited by Shruthi Mahalingaiah
8 September
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Purpose of review Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy in reproductive-age women and has reproductive, pregnancy, metabolic, dermatologic, and psychologic complications. Here we summarize current challenges and gaps in PCOS care, and propose a pathway forward to (...) -- REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY: Edited by Shruthi Mahalingaiah
19 August
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Purpose of review This review provides an update on gestational diabetes (GDM) and other adverse pregnancy outcomes in individuals with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), one of the most common metabolic disorders and causes of infertility. Recent findings Recent studies using Rotterdam (...) -- REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY: Edited by Shruthi Mahalingaiah
9 August
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07:00
Purpose of review This review aims to report the most recent (2020–2022) experimental scientific studies conducted on animal models, in order to highlight the relevant findings on the adverse effects related to androgen administration. Recent findings Forty-one studies published between January (...) -- ANDROGENS: Edited by Dominic Sagoe
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Purpose of review This paper reviews the mixed-methods studies from the last 2 years (2021–2022) into androgen use to highlight the most relevant developments within the field. Recent findings The literature review found seven papers from 2021 to 2022. These seven cover a range of important (...) -- ANDROGENS: Edited by Dominic Sagoe
4 August
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Purpose of review Data on the health effects of androgen abuse are mainly derived from lower level evidence, such as case series and cross-sectional studies. In the last few years a relatively large and prospective cohort initiative, the HAARLEM (health risks of anabolic androgenic steroid use (...) -- ANDROGENS: Edited by Dominic Sagoe
1 August
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07:00
Purpose of review This study aims to review bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) changes in people with diabetes, contributing factors, and interventions. Recent findings In type 1 diabetes (T1D), BMAT levels are similar to healthy controls, although few studies have been performed. In type 2 (...) -- PARATHYROIDS, BONE AND MINERAL METABOLISM: Edited by Viral N. Shah
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Purpose of review Better understanding of the mechanisms underlying skeletal dysfunction in the context of diabetes is needed to guide the development of therapeutic interventions to reduce the burden of diabetic fractures. Osteocytes, the ‘master regulators’ of bone remodeling, have emerged as (...) -- PARATHYROIDS, BONE AND MINERAL METABOLISM: Edited by Viral N. Shah
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Purpose of review In this review, we describe the three primary mouse models of insulin-deficiency diabetes that have been used to study the effects of type 1 diabetes (T1D) on skeletal outcomes. These models include streptozotocin (chemically)-induced diabetes, autoimmune-mediated diabetes (...) -- PARATHYROIDS, BONE AND MINERAL METABOLISM: Edited by Viral N. Shah
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Purpose of review Type 1 (T1D) and 2 diabetes (T2D) are associated with increased risk of fracture independent of bone mineral density (BMD). Fracture risk prediction tools can identify individuals at highest risk, and therefore, most likely to benefit from antifracture therapy. This review (...) -- PARATHYROIDS, BONE AND MINERAL METABOLISM: Edited by Viral N. Shah
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Purpose of review Multiple biochemical and biophysical approaches have been broadly used for detection and quantitation of posttranslational protein modifications associated with diabetic bone, yet these techniques present a variety of challenges. In this review, we discuss recent advancements (...) -- PARATHYROIDS, BONE AND MINERAL METABOLISM: Edited by Viral N. Shah
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Purpose of review Bone fragility is a complication of type 2 diabetes (T2D), and insulin resistance is suspected to contribute to diabetes-related bone deficits. This article provides an overview of emerging clinical research involving insulin resistance and bone health by summarizing recent (...) -- PARATHYROIDS, BONE AND MINERAL METABOLISM: Edited by Viral N. Shah
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Purpose of review This review article presents the most recent research on bone fragility in individuals with diabetes from a medical imaging perspective. Recent findings The widespread availability of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and trabecular bone score (TBS) software has led to (...) -- PARATHYROIDS, BONE AND MINERAL METABOLISM: Edited by Viral N. Shah
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Purpose of review To describe recent development of an autoantigen (GAD) treatment towards well tolerated and efficacious precision medicine in type 1 diabetes. Recent findings Although subcutaneous GAD-alum treatment failed to reach primary endpoint in a phase III trial, metanalyses showed a (...) -- DIABETES AND ENDOCRINE PANCREAS II: Edited by Peter Gottlieb
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Purpose of review Recent work using immunopeptidomics and deconvolution of the antigenic reactivity of islet-infiltrating CD8+ T cells has expanded our knowledge about the autoimmune target epitopes of type 1 diabetes. The stem-like properties of autoimmune CD8+ T cells have also been (...) -- DIABETES AND ENDOCRINE PANCREAS II: Edited by Peter Gottlieb
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Purpose of review Dissect the field of antigen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) in type 1 diabetes (T1D), highlighting the major barriers currently blocking clinical translation. Recent findings ASIT remains a promising approach in T1D to re-establish the proper balance in the immune system to (...) -- DIABETES AND ENDOCRINE PANCREAS II: Edited by Peter Gottlieb
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Purpose of review Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is the most common chronic disease of childhood presenting a significant burden, both in terms of day-to-day medical management and lifelong care. Studies aligned with diverse strategies to prevent or modify the course of T1D are reviewed. Recent findings (...) -- DIABETES AND ENDOCRINE PANCREAS II: Edited by Peter Gottlieb
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Purpose of review To summarize current developments aimed at improving diabetes care utilizing novel and culturally sensitive strategies to bridge the care gap in the LatinX community. Recent findings There is more than a decade of literature describing disparities in diabetes care and outcomes (...) -- DIABETES AND ENDOCRINE PANCREAS II: Edited by Peter Gottlieb
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Purpose of review Although telemedicine and telehealth services have been a part of type 1 diabetes (T1D) clinical care for several decades, the expansion of in-home telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic significantly increased interest in long-term use as part of routine care. This review (...) -- DIABETES AND ENDOCRINE PANCREAS II: Edited by Peter Gottlieb
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Purpose of review The 1 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test (ONDST) with a cutoff cortisol value of 1.8 mcg/dl (50 nmol/l) is routinely used for the assessment of incidental, benign adrenal nodules. Patients with an abnormal test are diagnosed with mild autonomous cortisol secretion (...) -- NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY: Edited by Lynn Loriaux
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Purpose of review This review is intended to provide perspective on the history of selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs) and progesterone antagonists, their current availability, therapeutic promise and safety concerns. Recent findings Despite keen interest in synthesis of these (...) -- NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY: Edited by Lynn Loriaux
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1 June
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Purpose of review Renin-independent aldosterone production from one or both affected adrenal(s), a condition known as primary aldosteronism (PA), is a common cause of secondary hypertension. In this review, we aimed to summarize recent findings regarding pathophysiology of bilateral forms of (...) -- ADRENAL CORTEX AND MEDULLA: Edited by Diane Donegan and Danae Delivanis
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Purpose of review To discuss the most recent findings on the pathophysiology, the genetic and molecular causes of primary bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (PBAH). The diagnostic approach of patients with PBAH will also be presented in detail with an emphasis on the emerging diagnostic tools and (...) -- ADRENAL CORTEX AND MEDULLA: Edited by Diane Donegan and Danae Delivanis
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Purpose of review Adrenal imaging forms an important role in the workup of adrenal masses. The purpose of this review is to briefly review the traditional role of imaging in adrenal diseases and highlight the most recent research and new applications aimed to improve diagnostic accuracy. Recent (...) -- ADRENAL CORTEX AND MEDULLA: Edited by Diane Donegan and Danae Delivanis
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Purpose of review Clinicians recognize 21-hydroxylase deficiency as the most common form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), and many papers have been published on this condition. In contrast, much less awareness has been addressed to the other, rare forms of CAH. Recent findings The (...) -- ADRENAL CORTEX AND MEDULLA: Edited by Diane Donegan and Danae Delivanis
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Purpose of review Although the basic treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is well established, there are active clinical research projects to more closely mimic the normal diurnal rhythm of cortisol secretion and to reduce total glucocorticoid doses to minimize adverse metabolic (...) -- ADRENAL CORTEX AND MEDULLA: Edited by Diane Donegan and Danae Delivanis
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Introduction Adrenal insufficiency is a disorder characterized by the failure of adrenocortical function because of distorted function of hypothalamic–pituitary– adrenal (HPA) axis. Pregnancy is a state of a physiological glucocorticoid excess as the HPA axis is functioning at a higher level. (...) -- ADRENAL CORTEX AND MEDULLA: Edited by Diane Donegan and Danae Delivanis
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Purpose of review Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is an androgen produced by the zona reticularis of the adrenal gland. Patients with adrenal insufficiency will have a deficiency of DHEA. Unlike glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement, DHEA supplementation is not considered essential for (...) -- ADRENAL CORTEX AND MEDULLA: Edited by Diane Donegan and Danae Delivanis
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Purpose of review Many publications review perioperative management of pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas (PPGLs); however, a large population, including 10–20% of metastatic PPGL patients, have inoperable disease. This has necessitated the development of noninvasive treatments (e.g., (...) -- ADRENAL CORTEX AND MEDULLA: Edited by Diane Donegan and Danae Delivanis
1 April
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Purpose of review There is substantive and accumulating evidence that endemic exposure to plastic-associated chemicals (PACs) contribute to the pathophysiology of metabolic conditions, like obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. The consequences of this endemic exposure in inducing a (...) -- LIPIDS: Edited by Gerald F. Watts
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Purpose of review To review current progress in the use of polygenic risk scores for lipid traits and their use in the diagnosis and treatment of lipid disorders. Recent findings Inherited lipid disorders, including those causing extremes of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, (...) -- LIPIDS: Edited by Gerald F. Watts
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Purpose of review To summarize recent findings considering type II diabetes, or metabolic syndrome dyslipidaemia with risk for Alzheimer's disease. Recent findings Population, genetic, clinical and preclinical studies support the hypothesis of increased risk for Alzheimer's disease in type 2 (...) -- LIPIDS: Edited by Gerald F. Watts
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Purpose of review Elevated fasting and postprandial plasma triglyceride concentrations are associated with an increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in patients on and off low-density lipoprotein (LDL) lowering therapy. Recent findings This association is not mediated by (...) -- LIPIDS: Edited by Gerald F. Watts
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Purpose of review To critically appraise new insights into HDL structure and function in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Recent findings In young T1DM patients with early renal impairment and a high inflammatory score, both HDL antioxidative activity and endothelial (...) -- LIPIDS: Edited by Gerald F. Watts
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Purpose of review Multiple studies have shown a strong association between lipids and diabetes. These are usually described through the effects of cholesterol content of lipid particles and in particular low-density lipoprotein. However, lipoprotein particles contain other components, such as (...) -- LIPIDS: Edited by Gerald F. Watts
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Purpose of review Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), aortic stenosis, hepatic steatosis and pancreatitis. We briefly review the aetiology and treatment of HTG and familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS), as well as the implementation (...) -- LIPIDS: Edited by Gerald F. Watts
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Purpose of review Improving care of individuals with familial hypercholesteremia (FH) is reliant on the synthesis of evidence-based guidelines and their subsequent implementation into clinical care. This review describes implementation strategies, defined as methods to improve translation of (...) -- LIPIDS: Edited by Gerald F. Watts
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Purpose of review Lipodystrophies are a group of rare, heterogeneous disorders characterized by a lack or maldistribution of adipose tissue. Treatment focusses on the management of complications, including hypertriglyceridemia, which can be severe. Patients are predisposed to early (...) -- LIPIDS: Edited by Gerald F. Watts
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Purpose of review A number of new cholesterol-lowering drugs have been recently developed and approved, enriching the pharmacological armamentarium beyond and above statins. Ezetimibe, available since two decades, and bempedoic acid, a new drug inhibiting the same biosynthetic pathway targeted (...) -- LIPIDS: Edited by Gerald F. Watts
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Purpose of review The intestinal enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are specialized hormone-secreting cells that respond to both circulating and luminal cues. Collectively, EECs constitute the largest endocrine organ of the body and signal to a multitude of targets including locally to neighboring (...) -- GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONES: Edited by H. Christian Weber
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Purpose of review To shed light on the recently uncovered diverse role of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) in the regulation of immune functions, inflammation, metabolism, and gut–brain axis. Recent findings Peripheral 5-HT which accounts for approximately 95% of the total is largely (...) -- GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONES: Edited by H. Christian Weber
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Purpose of review To summarize recent developments of long-acting amylin analogues for the treatment of obesity and to outline their mode of action. Recent findings Amylin is a pancreatic hormone acting to control energy homeostasis and body weight. Activity at the calcitonin and amylin (...) -- GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONES: Edited by H. Christian Weber
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Purpose of review In this review, we evaluate recent findings related to the association between gastrointestinal hormones and regulation of gastric emptying. Recent findings Motilin and ghrelin, which act during fasting, promote gastric motility, whereas most of the hormones secreted after a (...) -- GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONES: Edited by H. Christian Weber
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Purpose of review Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a highly prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorder (FGID) characterized by chronic abdominal pain and altered bowel habits. The diagnosis of IBS is based on the presence of defined clinical Rome IV criteria in the absence of alarm (...) -- GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONES: Edited by H. Christian Weber
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Purpose of review Short bowel syndrome (SBS) patients are at risk to develop intestinal failure when the decreased absorption of macronutrients, water, and electrolytes necessitates parenteral support for survival. The adverse effects of SBS and parenteral support negatively affect the quality (...) -- GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONES: Edited by H. Christian Weber
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Purpose of review To summarize the recent developments in the medical treatment of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms. Recent findings The medical management of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (GI-NETs) continues to evolve with advances in the management of symptoms related to (...) -- GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONES: Edited by H. Christian Weber
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Purpose of review To review the latest advances in migraine management with a focus on medications specifically developed for the treatment of migraine. Recent findings Randomized clinical trials demonstrated the efficacy of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) mAbs for the preventive (...) -- GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONES: Edited by H. Christian Weber
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